ApoE Deficient Models

• After 10 days, animals exhibit increased total adipose tissue, heavier liver weight, and overall weight gain compared to control animals¹
• In 3 weeks, plasma cholesterol triples to >1500 mg/dL^2,3
• Within 6-10 weeks, foam cell and lesion development occurs; following 15 weeks fibrous plaque formation and fibrous cap development is observed^2,4

Ldlr Deficient Models

• In 2 weeks, plasma cholesterol increases to >800 mg/dL and triglycerides increases to >300 mg/dL⁶
• In 8 weeks, foamy macrophages and atherosclerosis is reported⁷
• Within 6-10 weeks, foam cells, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and lesion development is observed^8,9
• In 16 weeks, atherosclerotic lesions and hypertension are observed¹⁰

Reference List

C57BL/6 Models

• After 3 weeks, male and female mice had greater inflammatory cell infiltration around airways and blood vessels, a more severe degree of inflammation, and more pronounced neutrophilic infiltration in lung tissues compared to control groups¹¹
• After 4 weeks, male and female mice developed obesity, increased sphingolipids and pro-inflammatory cytokine circulation (males only)¹²
• After 8 weeks, increased circulating non-esterified free fatty acids, triglycerides, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were reported¹³
• After 14 weeks, females exhibited significant increases in body weight compared to control mice¹⁴

Reference List

C57BL/6 Models

• After 8 weeks, maternal fed diet increased hepatic macrophage infiltration, inflammation in bone marrow-derived macrophages, fibrosis genes, and macrophage immune tolerance adult offspring¹⁵
• After 20 weeks, male mice exhibited increased free fatty acid circulation and mild steatosis¹⁶
• After 52 weeks, males developed obesity, liver injury, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance¹⁷

* Primarily for MASLD; for MASH-like phenotype expression, feed more than 36 weeks

Reference List

The magnitude of differences observed between control and experimental groups may be influenced by the choice of control diet, as natural ingredient diets (chow) may be associated with greater inter-individual variability in body weight compared to purified diets.

Ingredient matched, low fat purified diets

The diets below control for the type of ingredients (ingredient-matched), non-nutritive components, and the source and level of specific nutrients.

Natural ingredient diets

These diets, also known as standard diets or chows, vary in the source and amount of nutrients, as well as the presence of non-nutritive factors (like phytates or phytoestrogens), when compared to TD.88137. Natural ingredient diets limit inferences to differences in dietary pattern versus specific dietary components.

To explore available options, please visit our standard natural ingredient diets.